{"id":2164,"date":"2025-09-27T11:35:31","date_gmt":"2025-09-27T09:35:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/?page_id=2164"},"modified":"2025-11-07T11:35:42","modified_gmt":"2025-11-07T10:35:42","slug":"e-tam-validierungsstudie","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/en\/e-tam-validierungsstudie\/","title":{"rendered":"Validation Studies &#8211; ETAM"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Here, you can find all the information on the construction and validation of Erlangen Test of Activities of Daily Living in Persons with Mild Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment <strong>(ETAM)<\/strong>. If you have any further questions or suggestions, please do not hesitate to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/en\/kontakt\/\">contact us<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Item Construction<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The ETAM was developed in 2015 by Schmiedeberg-Sohn et al. and tested in a pilot study. The pilot study was followed by<strong> validation studies<\/strong> by <strong>Luttenberger et al. (2016)<\/strong> and <strong>Book et al. (2018)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2290\" src=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/ETAM_Figure_EN-300x168.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"607\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/ETAM_Figure_EN-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/ETAM_Figure_EN-1024x574.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/ETAM_Figure_EN-768x431.png 768w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/ETAM_Figure_EN-1536x861.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/ETAM_Figure_EN-800x450.png 800w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/ETAM_Figure_EN-1231x690.png 1231w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/ETAM_Figure_EN.png 1584w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 607px) 100vw, 607px\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"rrze-elements accordion style_default\" id=\"accordion-0\">\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h2 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_0\" id=\"collapse_button_0\"> First Validation Study (Luttenberger et al., 2016) <\/button><\/h2>\n<div id=\"collapse_0\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_0\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p>The first validation study for the ETAM was conducted in 2016 (Luttenberger et al.) using a sample of 107 individuals residing in nursing homes in Middle Franconia (Bavaria) who had either normal cognition (<em>n<\/em> = 12), mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia (<em>n<\/em> = 81), or moderate dementia (<em>n<\/em> = 14). The total sample had an average age of 82.8 years (<em>SD<\/em> = 8.0).<\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h2 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_1\" id=\"collapse_button_1\"> Tools Used <\/button><\/h2>\n<div id=\"collapse_1\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_1\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p>The <strong>Bayer Activities of Daily Living Scale<\/strong> (B-ADL; Hindmarch et al. 1998), the <strong>Mini Mental State Examination<\/strong> (MMSE; Folstein et al. 1975), and the <strong>Geriatric Depression Scale &#8211; 15<\/strong> (GDS &#8211; 15; Yesavage et al., 1983) were used to examine convergent and discriminant validity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h2 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_2\" id=\"collapse_button_2\"> Results of the Validation Study <\/button><\/h2>\n<div id=\"collapse_2\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_2\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p>The average completion time was <strong>35 minutes<\/strong> (including the welcome and explanations about how to take the test).<\/p>\n<p>All six items showed moderate correlations (<strong>Pearson correlations<\/strong>; see Table 6 in Luttenberger et al., 2016):<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2177\" src=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Bildschirmfoto-2025-09-04-um-10.54.26-300x89.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"597\" height=\"177\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Bildschirmfoto-2025-09-04-um-10.54.26-300x89.png 300w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Bildschirmfoto-2025-09-04-um-10.54.26-1024x304.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Bildschirmfoto-2025-09-04-um-10.54.26-768x228.png 768w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Bildschirmfoto-2025-09-04-um-10.54.26-1536x456.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Bildschirmfoto-2025-09-04-um-10.54.26-1500x445.png 1500w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Bildschirmfoto-2025-09-04-um-10.54.26.png 1760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 597px) 100vw, 597px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Moderate Pearson correlations<\/strong> were found between the ETAM total score and the B-ADL total score (<em>r<\/em> = -.41) and between the ETAM total score and the MMSE total score (<em>r<\/em> = .46). <strong>These results supported the convergent validity of the ETAM.<\/strong> There was no correlation between the ETAM total score and the GDS-14 total score (<em>r<\/em> = .05). <strong>This result supported the discriminant validity of the ETAM.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Cronbach&#8217;s alpha<\/strong> was .71. The value for <strong>test-retest reliability<\/strong> (interval of 3 weeks) was <em>r<\/em> = .78, and that for <strong>interrater reliability<\/strong> was .97.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h2 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_3\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_3\" id=\"collapse_button_3\"> Literature <\/button><\/h2>\n<div id=\"collapse_3\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_3\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., &amp; McHugh, P. R. (1975). \u201cMini-mental state\u201d: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. <em>Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12<\/em>(3), 189-198.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Hindmarch, I., Lehfeld, H., Jongh, P., &amp; Erzigkeit, H. (1998). The Bayer activities of daily living scale (B-ADL). <i>Dement Geriatrics Cognitive Disorders<\/i>,\u00a0<i>9<\/i>(2), 20-26.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Luttenberger, K., Reppermund, S., Schmiedeberg-Sohn, A., Book, S., &amp; Graessel, E. (2016). Validation of the Erlangen test of activities of daily living in persons with mild dementia or mild cognitive impairment (ETAM). <em>BMC Geriatrics, 16,<\/em> 1-12.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., &amp; Leirer, V. O. (1982). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. <em>Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17<\/em>(1), 37-49.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rrze-elements accordion style_default\" id=\"accordion-1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h2 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_4\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_4\" id=\"collapse_button_4\"> Revalidation Study (Book et al., 2018) <\/button><\/h2>\n<div id=\"collapse_4\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_4\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p>An <strong>extended validation study<\/strong> of the ETAM was conducted in 2018 by Book et al.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>total sample<\/strong> of 443 individuals had an average age of 81.7 years (<em>SD<\/em> = 7.7). <strong>Inclusion criteria<\/strong> were: a minimum score of 10 points on the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE; Folstein et al., 1975) and a maximum score of 22 points on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA; Nasreddine et al., 2005). <strong>Exclusion criteria<\/strong> were: individuals suffering from psychosis, schizophrenia, severe depression, or addiction; individuals who had experienced more than one stroke; individuals who were blind, deaf, or unable to communicate; and individuals for whom a move to a nursing home was already specifically planned.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 96px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"width: 100%;height: 24px\"><strong>Total Sample (N\u00a0= 443)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"width: 100%;height: 24px\">91 People with Mild Cognitive Impairment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"width: 100%;height: 24px\">186 People with Mild Dementia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"width: 100%;height: 24px\">166 People with Moderate Dementia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"rrze-elements accordion style_default\" id=\"accordion-2\">\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h3 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_5\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_5\" id=\"collapse_button_5\"> Tools Used <\/button><\/h3>\n<div id=\"collapse_5\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_5\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p>The<strong> EuroQol five dimensions questionnaire (EQ-5D; The EuroQol Group, 1990), <\/strong>and the\u00a0<strong>Nurses Observation Scale for Geriatric Patients<\/strong> (NOSGER; Spiegel et al., 1991, 1992) were used to examine validity. In addition, the level of care was assessed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h3 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_6\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_6\" id=\"collapse_button_6\"> Results of the Revalidation Study <\/button><\/h3>\n<div id=\"collapse_6\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_6\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><strong>No gender-specific differences were found.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Cronbach&#8217;s alpha<\/strong> for the ETAM sum value was .79.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Differentiation between degrees of cognitive impairment:<\/strong> The average ETAM score for mild cognitive impairment was 23.2 points (95% confidence interval (CI) [22.2, 24.2]), for mild dementia, it was 18.4 points (95% CI [17.5, 19.3]), and for moderate dementia, it was 12.9 points (95% CI [11.9, 14.0]). The ETAM score thus differentiates well between these three groups of people.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Discriminant validity<\/strong>: There were <strong>no or only moderate correlations<\/strong> between the ETAM and the dimensions of health-related quality of life (EQ-5D; The EuroQol Group, 1990), with values ranging from .01 (anxiety\/depression) to -.23 (self-care). In addition, the correlation between the ETAM and the \u201csocial behavior\u201d subscale of the NOSGER (Spiegel et al. 1991) was <em>r<\/em> = -.11. <strong>These results supported the discriminant validity of ETAM.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The <strong>convergent validity<\/strong> with the criterion \u201clevel of care\u201d resulted from the average increase in everyday practical impairments and a significant decrease in the ETAM value, while the level of care required increases (see Table 4 in Book et al., 2018).<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;color: #ff0000\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2180\" src=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Bildschirmfoto-2025-09-04-um-11.01.54-300x118.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"394\" height=\"155\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Bildschirmfoto-2025-09-04-um-11.01.54-300x118.png 300w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Bildschirmfoto-2025-09-04-um-11.01.54-768x302.png 768w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Bildschirmfoto-2025-09-04-um-11.01.54.png 890w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 394px) 100vw, 394px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h3 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_7\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_7\" id=\"collapse_button_7\"> Literature <\/button><\/h3>\n<div id=\"collapse_7\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_7\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Book, S., Luttenberger, K., Stemmler, M., Meyer, S., &amp; Graessel, E. (2018). The Erlangen test of activities of daily living in persons with mild dementia or mild cognitive impairment (ETAM)\u2013an extended validation. <em>BMC Psychiatry, 18,<\/em> 1-12.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., &amp; McHugh, P. R. (1975). \u201cMini-mental state\u201d: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. <em>Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12<\/em>(3), 189-198.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., B\u00e9dirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., &#8230; &amp; Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment.\u00a0<i>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society<\/i>,\u00a0<i>53<\/i>(4), 695-699.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Spiegel, R., Brunner, C., Ermini\u2010F\u00fcnfschilling, D., Monsch, A., Notter, M., Puxty, J., &amp; Tremmel, L. (1991). A new behavioral assessment scale for geriatric out\u2010and in\u2010patients: the NOSGER (Nurses&#8217; Observation Scale for Geriatric Patients).\u00a0<i>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society<\/i>,\u00a0<i>39<\/i>(4), 339-347.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">The EuroQol Group (1990). EuroQol &#8211; a new facility for the measurement of healthrelated quality of life. <em>Health Policy, 16<\/em>(3), 199\u2013208.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt\">Erlangen Test of Activities of Daily Living in Persons with Mild Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment (ETAM); Activities of Daily Living (ADL); Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Here, you can find all the information on the construction and validation of Erlangen Test of Activities of Daily Living in Persons with Mild Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment (ETAM).&hellip;<!--&hellip;--> <a class=\"more-link fa fa-angle-double-right\" href=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/en\/e-tam-validierungsstudie\/\" title=\"Read more about &quot;Validation Studies - ETAM&quot;\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5160,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_rrze_cache":"enabled","_rrze_multilang_single_locale":"en_GB","_rrze_multilang_single_source":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/?page_id=1378","footnotes":""},"page_category":[14],"page_tag":[],"class_list":["post-2164","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","page_category-e-tam","en-GB"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2164","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5160"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2164"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2164\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2784,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2164\/revisions\/2784"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2164"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"page_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/page_category?post=2164"},{"taxonomy":"page_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/page_tag?post=2164"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}