{"id":2099,"date":"2025-09-20T11:21:46","date_gmt":"2025-09-20T09:21:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/?page_id=2099"},"modified":"2025-10-03T11:08:03","modified_gmt":"2025-10-03T09:08:03","slug":"beziehungsqualitaet","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/en\/beziehungsqualitaet\/","title":{"rendered":"Quality of Relationship"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Caregivers (CGs), as well as the person receiving care, often want the care receiver to be able to stay at home for as long as possible. Although this situation can place various burdens on <strong>CGs<\/strong> and the <strong>care receiver<\/strong>, it also has social and, in particular, health economic advantages (W\u00fcbker et al., 2015). Many different factors contribute to the \u201csuccess\u201d of a home care situation.<\/p>\n<p>One such factor of considerable importance is a <strong>good relationship between CGs and care receiver<\/strong>. Scientific findings show that a good relationship reduces the likelihood of the person being cared for moving from their home into a <strong>retirement or nursing home<\/strong> (Spruytte et al., 2001). In addition, a good relationship is associated with a lower perceived caregiver burden (see also the Burden Scale for Family Caregivers, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/en\/haeusliche-pflege-skala-langform\/\">Long<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/en\/haeusliche-pflege-skala-kurzform\/\">Short<\/a> Versions), more positive aspects of the home care situation (see also the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/?page_id=2049&amp;lang=en&amp;preview=true\">Benefits of Being a Caregiver Scale<\/a>), and lower levels of depression among family CGs (Lum et al., 2014; Tanji et al., 2008).<\/p>\n<p>The aim of the<strong> new assessment of the quality of the relationship between CGs and the care receiver<\/strong> was to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present the construct to be measured in an <strong>easy-to-understand<\/strong> form (result: use of visual imagery),<\/li>\n<li>to keep it <strong>as concise as possible<\/strong> (result: only 1 item), in order to<\/li>\n<li>achieve a <strong>high level of acceptance<\/strong> for a topic that is sometimes taboo (relationship quality).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"rrze-elements accordion style_default\" id=\"accordion-0\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h2 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_0\" id=\"collapse_button_0\"> Item for Assessing the Quality of the Relationship between Caregivers and the Care Receiver <\/button><\/h2>\n<div id=\"collapse_0\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_0\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">The result of this development process is the evaluation of relationship quality using a <strong>smiley scale<\/strong> with three possible responses:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2102 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Item-Beziehungsqualitaet-englisch-300x111.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"638\" height=\"236\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Item-Beziehungsqualitaet-englisch-300x111.png 300w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Item-Beziehungsqualitaet-englisch-1024x379.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Item-Beziehungsqualitaet-englisch-768x285.png 768w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Item-Beziehungsqualitaet-englisch.png 1128w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rrze-elements accordion style_default\" id=\"accordion-1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h2 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_1\" id=\"collapse_button_1\"> Validation Study (Becker et al., 2024) <\/button><\/h2>\n<div id=\"collapse_1\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_1\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">The item on the quality of the relationship between CGs and the care receiver was validated using a <strong>sample of 962 CGs<\/strong> with an average age of 62 (75.6% women).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;font-size: 14pt\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;text-decoration: underline\">Validity was tested and confirmed on the basis of four hypotheses (H1 &#8211; H4):<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><strong>H1: <\/strong>The relationship quality is <strong>negatively associated<\/strong> with <strong>perceived subjective caregiver burden<\/strong> (measured by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/haeusliche-pflege-skala-kurzform\/\">BSFC-s<\/a> (Graessel et al., 2014)).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><strong>H2<\/strong>: The relationship quality is <strong>positively associated<\/strong> with <strong>perceived positive aspects of the care situation<\/strong> (measured with the German Version of the &#8220;Positive Aspects of Caregiving Scale&#8221;; Tarlow et al., 2004).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><strong>H3<\/strong>: The relationship quality is <strong>positively<\/strong> <strong>associated<\/strong> with <strong>intrinsic<\/strong> <strong>care<\/strong> <strong>motivation<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><strong>H4<\/strong>: The relationship quality is <strong>negatively<\/strong> <strong>associated<\/strong> with <strong>extrinsic<\/strong> <strong>care<\/strong> <strong>motivation<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>Results:<\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">The response regarding <strong>relationship quality<\/strong> was <strong>negatively<\/strong> <strong>correlated<\/strong> with <strong>subjective caregiver burden<\/strong> and <strong>extrinsic caregiving motivation<\/strong>; that is, a positive assessment of relationship quality (the \u201csmiling smiley\u201d was checked) was significantly correlated with a lower subjective caregiver burden and significantly less often with extrinsic caregiving motivation. A <strong>positive correlation<\/strong> was found with the<strong> perceived positive aspects of the caregiving situation<\/strong> and <strong>intrinsic caregiving motivation<\/strong>; that is, a positive assessment of relationship quality (the \u201csmiling smiley\u201d was checked) was significantly correlated with more perceived positive aspects of the caregiving situation and significantly more often with intrinsic caregiving motivation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Thus, all four hypotheses regarding the <strong>validity<\/strong> of the classification of the quality of the relationship between CGs and the care receiver at home could be <strong>confirmed<\/strong>. Further details can be found in Becker et al. (2024).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rrze-elements accordion style_default\" id=\"accordion-2\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h2 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_2\" id=\"collapse_button_2\"> Evaluation and Interpretation <\/button><\/h2>\n<div id=\"collapse_2\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_2\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Checking the <strong>smiling smiley<\/strong> indicates a <strong>rather<\/strong> <strong>positive relationship quality<\/strong>, checking the <strong>neutral smiley<\/strong> is interpreted as a <strong>neutral relationship quality<\/strong>, while checking the <strong>sad smiley<\/strong> indicates a <strong>rather negative relationship quality<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> In scientific evaluations (analysis of sample results), it may be useful to combine the \u201cneutral smiley\u201d and the \u201csad smiley\u201d into one category: \u201c<strong>rather negative relationship quality<\/strong>.\u201d This combining minimizes the effect of social desirability (reluctance to admit a \u201cnegative\u201d relationship quality and instead preferring to indicate the \u201cneutral smiley\u201d). This leaves two evaluation categories: &#8220;<strong>rather positive relationship quality<\/strong>\u201d (the \u201csmiling smiley\u201d was checked) versus \u201c<strong>rather negative relationship quality<\/strong>\u201d (the \u201cneutral smiley\u201d or the \u201csad smiley\u201d were checked).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rrze-elements accordion style_default\" id=\"accordion-3\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h2 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_3\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_3\" id=\"collapse_button_3\"> Literature <\/button><\/h2>\n<div id=\"collapse_3\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_3\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Becker, L., Graessel, E., &amp; Pendergrass, A. (2024). Predictors of the quality of the relationship between informal caregiver and care recipient in informal caregiving of older people: presentation and evaluation of a new item. <i>BMC Psychology<\/i>,\u00a0<i>12<\/i>(1), 342.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Graessel, E., Berth, H., Lichte, T. &amp; Grau, H. (2014). Subjective caregiver burden: validity of the 10-item short version of the Burden Scale for Family Caregivers BSFC-s. <em>BMC Geriatrics, 14<\/em>, 1-9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Lum, H. D., Lo, D., Hooker, S., &amp; Bekelman, D. B. (2014). Caregiving in heart failure: relationship quality is associated with caregiver benefit finding and caregiver burden.\u00a0<i>Heart &amp; Lung<\/i>,\u00a0<i>43<\/i>(4), 306-310.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Spruytte, N., Van Audenhove, C., &amp; Lammertyn, F. (2001). Predictors of institutionalization of cognitively\u2010impaired elderly cared for by their relatives.\u00a0<i>International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry<\/i>,\u00a0<i>16<\/i>(12), 1119-1128.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Tanji, H., Anderson, K. E., Gruber\u2010Baldini, A. L., Fishman, P. S., Reich, S. G., Weiner, W. J., &amp; Shulman, L. M. (2008). Mutuality of the marital relationship in Parkinson&#8217;s disease.\u00a0<i>Movement Disorders<\/i>,\u00a0<i>23<\/i>(13), 1843-1849.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Tarlow, B. J., Wisniewski, S. R., Belle, S. H., Rubert, M., Ory, M. G., &amp; Gallagher-Thompson, D. (2004). Positive aspects of caregiving: Contributions of the REACH project to the development of new measures for Alzheimer\u2019s caregiving.\u00a0<i>Research on Aging<\/i>,\u00a0<i>26<\/i>(4), 429-453.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;color: #000000\">W\u00fcbker, A., Zwakhalen, S. M., Challis, D., Suhonen, R., Karlsson, S., Zabalegui, A., &#8230; &amp; Sauerland, D. (2015). Costs of care for people with dementia just before and after nursing home placement: primary data from eight European countries.\u00a0<i>The European Journal of Health Economics<\/i>,\u00a0<i>16<\/i>(7), 689-707.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rrze-elements accordion style_default\" id=\"accordion-4\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h2 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_4\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_4\" id=\"collapse_button_4\"> Download <\/button><\/h2>\n<div id=\"collapse_4\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_4\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">You can register to download the scales <a href=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/download\/\">here<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>! <\/strong><\/span>Those responsile for this website guarantee that all information provided during registration will be treated confidentially, in particular that it will not be passed on to third parties.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Downloading is permitted for non-commercial use only, which means specifically that<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">the respondent completing the self-assessment tool incurs no immediate (direct) costs (billing as a health insurance benefit by third parties, e.g., doctors, is possible) and<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">the Relationship Quality is not resold to third parties in any form as part of a combined survey tool consisting of several survey instruments (e.g., as part of a larger, fee-based assessment tool).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt\">Caregiver (CG)<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Caregivers (CGs), as well as the person receiving care, often want the care receiver to be able to stay at home for as long as possible. Although this situation can&hellip;<!--&hellip;--> <a class=\"more-link fa fa-angle-double-right\" href=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/en\/beziehungsqualitaet\/\" title=\"Read more about &quot;Quality of Relationship&quot;\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5160,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_rrze_cache":"enabled","_rrze_multilang_single_locale":"en_GB","_rrze_multilang_single_source":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/?page_id=1556","footnotes":""},"page_category":[15],"page_tag":[],"class_list":["post-2099","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","page_category-beziehungsqualitaet","en-GB"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2099","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5160"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2099"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2099\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2517,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2099\/revisions\/2517"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2099"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"page_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/page_category?post=2099"},{"taxonomy":"page_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/page_tag?post=2099"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}