{"id":2053,"date":"2025-09-20T12:01:03","date_gmt":"2025-09-20T10:01:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/?page_id=2053"},"modified":"2026-03-25T16:44:27","modified_gmt":"2026-03-25T15:44:27","slug":"benefitsskala-validierungsstudie","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/en\/benefitsskala-validierungsstudie\/","title":{"rendered":"Validation Study &#8211; BBCS"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Here, you can find all the information on the construction and validation of the <strong>Benefits of Being a Caregiver Scale (BBCS)<\/strong>. If you have any further questions or suggestions, please do not hesitate to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/en\/kontakt\/\">contact us<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"rrze-elements accordion style_default\" id=\"accordion-0\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h2 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_0\" id=\"collapse_button_0\"> Validation Study (Pendergrass et al., 2023) <\/button><\/h2>\n<div id=\"collapse_0\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_0\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">The BBCS was validated using data from 961 caregivers (CGs) who were 61 years old on average and mostly women (76.2%). The average age of the care recipients was 77 years, with 64% women. Further information on the characteristics of the sample can be found in Table 3 of the validation study by Pendergrass and colleagues (2023).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Item difficulty<\/strong>, <strong>discriminant validity,<\/strong> and <strong>Cronbach&#8217;s alpha<\/strong> were calculated. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to determine the structure of the BBCS. <strong>Convergent<\/strong> and <strong>divergent validity<\/strong> were determined by testing four hypotheses.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"rrze-elements accordion style_default\" id=\"accordion-1\">\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h3 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_1\" id=\"collapse_button_1\"> Item Construction <\/button><\/h3>\n<div id=\"collapse_1\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_1\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><strong>The Benefits of Being a Caregiver Scale (BBCS) was developed in seven steps:<\/strong> The process included literature reviews, content analyses, surveys, and focus groups. In addition, experts from various disciplines, nursing consultants, and family caregivers were involved in the development process (see flow chart below).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2303 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/BBCS_Development-of-the-Scale-300x199.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"593\" height=\"394\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/BBCS_Development-of-the-Scale-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/BBCS_Development-of-the-Scale-1024x680.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/BBCS_Development-of-the-Scale-768x510.png 768w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/BBCS_Development-of-the-Scale-867x576.png 867w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/BBCS_Development-of-the-Scale-1038x690.png 1038w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/BBCS_Development-of-the-Scale.png 1338w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 593px) 100vw, 593px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h3 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_2\" id=\"collapse_button_2\"> Validity <\/button><\/h3>\n<div id=\"collapse_2\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_2\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Convergent validity<\/strong> was tested with H1-H3, and <strong>divergent validity<\/strong> was tested with H4 (the hypotheses were derived from findings in the scientific literature):\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><strong>H1<\/strong>: Because the &#8220;Positive Aspects of Caregiving&#8221; (PAC, Tarlow et al., 2004) and the BBCS measure similar constructs, the two scales were expected to be strongly positive correlated.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><strong>H2a<\/strong>: CG\u00b4s adaptive coping (emotion-focused, problem-focused; measured by using COPE 6, based on the Brief COPE by Carver, 1997) was expected to be rather positively correlated with the BBCS sum score.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><strong>H2b<\/strong>: CG\u00b4s maladaptive coping (dysfunctional; measured by using COPE 6, based on the Brief COPE by Carver, 1997) was expected to be not correlated with the BBCS sum score.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><strong>H3<\/strong>: A positive current relationship quality was expected to be positively correlated with the BBCS.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><strong>H4<\/strong>:\u00a0 No correlation was expected between the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/en\/haeusliche-pflege-skala-kurzform\/\">BSFC-s<\/a> (Burden Scale for Family Caregivers &#8211; short form; Graessel et al., 2014) and the BBCS.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">The results are summarized in Table 3 in Pendergrass et al. (2023).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h3 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_3\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_3\" id=\"collapse_button_3\"> Reliability and Item Analysis <\/button><\/h3>\n<div id=\"collapse_3\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_3\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">The <strong>difficulty of the BBCS items<\/strong> ranged from .28 to .67. The discriminatory power of the items ranged from .45 to .74. The item \u201cThrough caring for my &#8230; I have met other caregivers who are important to me\u201d showed the lowest discriminatory power (moderate size). For 14 items, Cronbach&#8217;s alpha \u201cif item deleted\u201d was below the Cronbach&#8217;s alpha value of .922 calculated for the entire scale. Because the Cronbach&#8217;s alpha value for the item \u201cThrough caring for my&#8230; I have met other caregivers who are important to me\u201d was .922, this item was removed from the scale and further analysis. The results are summarized in Table 2 by Pendergrass and colleagues (2023).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h3 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_4\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_4\" id=\"collapse_button_4\"> Factor Analysis <\/button><\/h3>\n<div id=\"collapse_4\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_4\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Exploratory factor analysis<\/strong> revealed a one-factor structure of the BBCS. Only one component had an eigenvalue greater than 1.0 (eigenvalue = 6.9). This factor explained 49.8% of the total variance of the BBCS sum score. All 14 items had high loadings (&gt; .50) on this factor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">The scree plot shows the distribution of the eigenvalues of the components:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-819 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/03\/Faktorenanalyse_Bild-300x157.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"602\" height=\"315\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/03\/Faktorenanalyse_Bild-300x157.png 300w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/03\/Faktorenanalyse_Bild-768x401.png 768w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/03\/Faktorenanalyse_Bild.png 871w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h3 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_5\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_5\" id=\"collapse_button_5\"> Literature <\/button><\/h3>\n<div id=\"collapse_5\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_5\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol\u2019too long: Consider the brief cope.\u00a0<i>International Journal of Behavioral Medicine<\/i>,\u00a0<i>4<\/i>(1), 92-100.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Graessel, E., Berth, H., Lichte, T., &amp; Grau, H. (2014). Subjective caregiver burden: validity of the 10-item short version of the Burden Scale for Family Caregivers BSFC-s.\u00a0<i>BMC Geriatrics<\/i>,\u00a0<i>14<\/i>, 1-9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Pendergrass, A., Wei\u00df, S., Rohleder, N., &amp; Graessel, E. (2023). Validation of the Benefits of Being a Caregiver Scale (BBCS)\u2013further development of an independent characteristic of informal caregiving.\u00a0<i>BMC Geriatrics<\/i>,\u00a0<i>23<\/i>(1), 26.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Tarlow, B. J., Wisniewski, S. R., Belle, S. H., Rubert, M., Ory, M. G., &amp; Gallagher-Thompson, D. (2004). Positive aspects of caregiving: Contributions of the REACH project to the development of new measures for Alzheimer\u2019s caregiving.\u00a0<i>Research on Aging<\/i>,\u00a0<i>26<\/i>(4), 429-453.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h2 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_6\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_6\" id=\"collapse_button_6\"> Additional Validation Studies <\/button><\/h2>\n<div id=\"collapse_6\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_6\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">If you are planning on validating the BBCS in an additional language, please don\u00b4t hesitate reaching out to us <a href=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/en\/kontakt\/\">here<\/a>. We would love to support you in your project!<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt\">Benefits of Being a Caregiver Scale (BBCS); Caregivers (CGs)<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Here, you can find all the information on the construction and validation of the Benefits of Being a Caregiver Scale (BBCS). If you have any further questions or suggestions, please&hellip;<!--&hellip;--> <a class=\"more-link fa fa-angle-double-right\" href=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/en\/benefitsskala-validierungsstudie\/\" title=\"Read more about &quot;Validation Study - BBCS&quot;\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5160,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_rrze_cache":"enabled","_rrze_multilang_single_locale":"en_GB","_rrze_multilang_single_source":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/?page_id=802","footnotes":""},"page_category":[6],"page_tag":[],"class_list":["post-2053","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","page_category-benefits","en-GB"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2053","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5160"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2053"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2053\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3014,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2053\/revisions\/3014"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2053"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"page_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/page_category?post=2053"},{"taxonomy":"page_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/page_tag?post=2053"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}