{"id":2033,"date":"2025-09-19T15:49:46","date_gmt":"2025-09-19T13:49:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/?page_id=2033"},"modified":"2026-03-25T16:39:42","modified_gmt":"2026-03-25T15:39:42","slug":"mbi-s-validierungsstudie","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/en\/mbi-s-validierungsstudie\/","title":{"rendered":"Validation Study &#8211; MBI-S"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Here you can find all the information on the construction and validation of the Mild Behavioral Impairment Scale (MBI-S). If you have any further questions or suggestions, please do not hesitate to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/en\/kontakt\/\">contact<\/a> us.<\/p>\n<div class=\"rrze-elements accordion style_default\" id=\"accordion-0\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h2 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_0\" id=\"collapse_button_0\"> Validation Study (Hinkl et al., 2025) <\/button><\/h2>\n<div id=\"collapse_0\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_0\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">The validation of the MBI-S was based on a sample of 175 clinically unremarkable individuals. The participants were between 18 and 89 years old (<em>M<\/em> = 59.6, <em>SD <\/em>= 14.5). 69 % of the participants were women, 66 % were married, and 82 % lived with another person in a household.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"rrze-elements accordion style_default\" id=\"accordion-1\">\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h3 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_1\" id=\"collapse_button_1\"> Item Construction <\/button><\/h3>\n<div id=\"collapse_1\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_1\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p>The MBI-S was developed and validated in four steps by Hinkl et al. in 2025:<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2320 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/EN_Item-Construction-300x168.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"609\" height=\"341\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/EN_Item-Construction-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/EN_Item-Construction-1024x575.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/EN_Item-Construction-768x431.png 768w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/EN_Item-Construction-1536x863.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/EN_Item-Construction-1229x690.png 1229w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/EN_Item-Construction.png 1590w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 609px) 100vw, 609px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>During the validation of the scale, four items were removed due to insufficient psychometric or factor-analytic fit. The final version of the MBI-S thus consists of eight items.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h3 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_2\" id=\"collapse_button_2\"> Item Analysis of the Original 12 Items <\/button><\/h3>\n<div id=\"collapse_2\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_2\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">The <strong>internal consistency<\/strong> of the 12-item version was examined by computing Cronbach&#8217;s alpha. Cronbach&#8217;s alpha for the 12-item version was .743. The <strong>discriminatory power<\/strong> of the items ranged from &#8211; .09 to .60. Cronbach&#8217;s alpha (if item deleted) ranged from .692 to .766. Due to insufficient psychometric properties (low discriminatory power and Cronbach&#8217;s alpha if item deleted was greater than Cronbach&#8217;s alpha with the item), two items (Items 6 and 11) were classified as unsuitable.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2322 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Table-2-300x142.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"834\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Table-2-300x142.png 300w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Table-2-768x364.png 768w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Table-2.png 944w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 834px) 100vw, 834px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h3 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_3\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_3\" id=\"collapse_button_3\"> Principal Component Analysis of the 10-Item Version <\/button><\/h3>\n<div id=\"collapse_3\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_3\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">A <strong>principal component analysis<\/strong> was then performed on the remaining ten items. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin criterion was .81. Three components had eigenvalues greater than 1.0. The scree plot and Horn&#8217;s parallel analysis confirmed the one-factor solution. Since Items 8 and 12 had insufficient factor loadings of well below .50, these two items were also classified as unsuitable.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2323 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Table-3-300x296.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"429\" height=\"423\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Table-3-300x296.png 300w, https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/files\/2025\/09\/Table-3.png 454w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 429px) 100vw, 429px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h3 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_4\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_4\" id=\"collapse_button_4\"> Final Version of the MBI-S <\/button><\/h3>\n<div id=\"collapse_4\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_4\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">The final version of the MBI-S consists of the following eight items:\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px\" width=\"49%\">1) Do you get up frequently at night and\/or do you sleep a lot during the day?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px\" width=\"49%\">2) Has your body weight changed (because you unintentionally eat more or less)?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px\" width=\"49%\">3) Do you feel agitated and\/or even aggressive?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px\" width=\"49%\">4) Do you feel sad and\/or down?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 48px\">\n<td style=\"height: 48px\" width=\"49%\">5) Do you feel tense in the sense that you are no longer able to relax properly?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 48px\">\n<td style=\"height: 48px\" width=\"49%\">6) Do you have less drive to deal with your obligations and\/or interests?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 48px\">\n<td style=\"height: 48px\" width=\"49%\">7) Do you easily become impatient? (e.g., do you have problems dealing with delays and\/or waiting for something?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 48px\">\n<td style=\"height: 48px\" width=\"49%\">8) Are there actions that you repeat over and over again in the same way due to inner pressure?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">You can register to download the scales <a href=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/en\/download\/\">here<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h3 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_5\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_5\" id=\"collapse_button_5\"> Reliability and Item Analysis of the Eight-Item Scale <\/button><\/h3>\n<div id=\"collapse_5\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_5\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">The<strong> internal consistency<\/strong> of the MBI-S (final eight-item version) resulted in a Cronbach&#8217;s alpha of .79.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h3 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_6\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_6\" id=\"collapse_button_6\"> Validity of the 8-Item-Scale <\/button><\/h3>\n<div id=\"collapse_6\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_6\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Validity was tested and confirmed on the basis of four hypotheses (Hinkl et al., 2025):<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Convergent Validity:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><strong>H1<\/strong>: Because the MBI-S and MBI-C (Mild Behavioral Impairment Checklist, Ismail et al., 2017) were developed to measure the same construct, the two scales were expected to be positively correlated at a high level (r = .80 with<em> p<\/em> = .002).\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><strong>H2<\/strong>: A positive correlation between the MBI-S and maladaptive coping captured by the Brief COPE was expected (r = .32 with<em> p<\/em> = .002).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><strong>H3<\/strong>: A positive correlation was expected between the MBI-S and the Three-Item Loneliness Scale (Hughes et al., 2004) (r = .52 with<em> p<\/em> = .002).\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Discriminant Validity:\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><strong>H4:<\/strong> No relationship between the MBI-S score and educational level was expected (r = -.06 with<em> p<\/em> = .504).\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h3 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_7\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_7\" id=\"collapse_button_7\"> Literature <\/button><\/h3>\n<div id=\"collapse_7\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_7\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Hinkl, P., Graessel, E., Rohleder, N., Landendoerfer, P., Kuehlein, T., Lauer, N., &amp; Pendergrass, A. (2025). Validation of the Mild Behavioral Impairment Scale (MBI-S) for brief self-assessment of Mild Behavioral Impairment in people without dementia.\u00a0<i>Annals of General Psychiatry<\/i>,\u00a0<i>24<\/i>(1), 1-13.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., &amp; Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies.\u00a0<i>Research on Aging<\/i>,\u00a0<i>26<\/i>(6), 655-672.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Ismail, Z., Ag\u00fcera-Ortiz, L., Brodaty, H., Cieslak, A., Cummings, J., Fischer, C. E., &#8230; &amp; NPS Professional Interest Area of the International Society of to Advance Alzheimer\u2019s Research and Treatment (NPS-PIA of ISTAART). (2017). The Mild Behavioral Impairment Checklist (MBI-C): a rating scale for neuropsychiatric symptoms in pre-dementia populations.\u00a0<i>Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease<\/i>,\u00a0<i>56<\/i>(3), 929-938.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-group med\">\n<h2 class=\"accordion-heading\"><button class=\"accordion-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"  href=\"#collapse_8\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse_8\" id=\"collapse_button_8\"> Additional Validation Studies <\/button><\/h2>\n<div id=\"collapse_8\" class=\"accordion-body\" aria-labelledby=\"collapse_button_8\">\n<div class=\"accordion-inner clearfix\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">If you are planning on validating the MBI-S in an additional language, please don\u00b4t hesitate reaching out to us <a href=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/en\/kontakt\/\">here<\/a>. We would love to support you in your project!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt\">Mild Behavioral Impairment Scale (MBI-S); Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI); Mild Behavioral Impairment (MBI)<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Here you can find all the information on the construction and validation of the Mild Behavioral Impairment Scale (MBI-S). If you have any further questions or suggestions, please do not&hellip;<!--&hellip;--> <a class=\"more-link fa fa-angle-double-right\" href=\"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/en\/mbi-s-validierungsstudie\/\" title=\"Read more about &quot;Validation Study - MBI-S&quot;\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5160,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_rrze_cache":"enabled","_rrze_multilang_single_locale":"en_GB","_rrze_multilang_single_source":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/?page_id=1198","footnotes":""},"page_category":[10],"page_tag":[],"class_list":["post-2033","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","page_category-mbi-s","en-GB"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2033","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5160"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2033"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2033\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3008,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2033\/revisions\/3008"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2033"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"page_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/page_category?post=2033"},{"taxonomy":"page_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.caregiving-tests.de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/page_tag?post=2033"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}